Open Accessing Publishing: Benefits, Challenges, and Cautions

 

 

By Lilian H. Hill

Open access (OA) publishing is a scholarly publishing model that enables research products to be distributed online, free of cost or other access barriers. Open-access publishing represents a significant shift in disseminating academic research, aiming to remove the obstacles to access and improve the visibility and impact of scholarly work. While it presents some challenges, the benefits of enhanced accessibility and dissemination are driving its continued adoption and evolution. If you have ever wished to download an article only to learn that the publisher requires you to pay $36.00, you can appreciate the benefits of open-access publishing.

 

Springer Nature (2024), an international research, educational, and professional publisher, describes OA as the free and immediate online availability of research products like journal articles or books and the right to fully utilize these outputs in a digital context. OA content is accessible to everyone without any access fees. Open research extends beyond publications to include all research outputs, such as data, code, and open peer reviews. Ensuring all research outputs are as open and accessible as possible can enhance the impact of research and contribute to solving some of the world's most significant challenges.

 

Researchers, students, and the public worldwide can access scientific literature without the barrier of subscription fees, leading to a more equitable distribution of knowledge.  Educational institutions, especially in developing countries, can access up-to-date research materials, enhancing the quality of education and research. OA is increasingly supported by governments, funding agencies, and academic institutions worldwide, recognizing its critical role in advancing science and society.

 

OA publishing has evolved from a niche movement to a significant force in academic publishing, driven by the principles of accessibility, equity, and transparency. While challenges remain, the ongoing development of policies, technologies, and collaborative efforts continues to shape the future of scholarly communication.

U.S. Federal Expectations for Open Access

The U.S. federal government is taking substantial steps to promote OA in research. In the summer of 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) attracted national attention with its new directive that, by 2026, research funded by all federal agencies must be made freely and immediately available to the public without any embargo (Brainard & Kaiser, 2022). Ultimately, this research is funded by the taxpayers.

 

The new directive will introduce three significant changes:

·      Eliminating the 12-month delay before research publications funded by the largest federal agencies are accessible to the public,

·      Mandating that both federally funded research publications and their underlying data be publicly accessible at the time of publication and

·      Ensuring all federal agencies adhere to this open-access publishing policy.

 

In addition to federal funding, many research-funding organizations, such as foundations, now require grant recipients to make their published research results openly accessible. In some instances, they provide specific guidelines for implementing this mandate. Additionally, many of these organizations offer financial support to cover the publication costs associated with open access (Dreher, 2020).

 

Key Features of OA Publishing

Features to look for in OA publishing include free accessibility, licensing, open-access types, and the major platforms and initiatives. These are described below.

 

Free Accessibility

·      Research articles, data, and other scholarly outputs are freely available to anyone with an internet connection.

·      This contrasts with traditional publishing models, where access is restricted to subscribers or those who pay for individual articles.

Licensing

·      Open-access works are often published under Creative Commons licenses, allowing varying degrees of reuse and redistribution. Creative Commons (2024) is an international nonprofit organization that supports a global movement built on a belief in the power of open access to knowledge and creativity. 

·      A Creative Commons (CC) license is a public copyright license that allows for the free distribution of a copyrighted work. Authors use CC licenses to grant others the right to share, use, and build upon their creations.

·      CC licenses offer authors flexibility in how their work can be used (for example, they may permit only non-commercial uses) and protect those who use or redistribute the work from copyright infringement, provided they adhere to the conditions outlined in the license.

 Types of Open Access

·      Gold Open Access: Articles are freely available on the publisher's website immediately upon publication. The author or their institution often pays an article processing charge (APC).

·      Green Open Access: Authors self-archive a version of their manuscript in an institutional or subject repository. This version is often a preprint or the accepted manuscript after peer review but before the publisher's typesetting.

·      Hybrid Open Access: Traditional subscription-based journals offer authors the option of making their individual articles open access by paying an APC.

Major Platforms and Initiatives

·      Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): This is a comprehensive directory that indexes high-quality, peer-reviewed open access journals.

·      arXiv is a preprint repository for physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics.

·      PubMed Central (PMC): A free biomedical and life sciences journal literature archive.

Reasons to Publish Open Access
Choosing to publish OA offers several benefits that can significantly impact researchers, their work, and the broader scientific community. Here are seven key reasons why one might opt for OA publishing:

 

1.    Increased Visibility and Reach

OA publications are freely accessible to anyone with internet access, not just those affiliated with institutions that can afford subscription fees. This broadens the potential audience to include researchers from underfunded institutions, policymakers, practitioners, educators, and the public. Studies have shown that OA articles tend to be cited more frequently than those behind paywalls, as they are more readily available to many readers.

 

2.    Enhanced Impact

Making research findings freely available ensures that they can be quickly and easily accessed and used by practitioners, educators, and policymakers, potentially leading to faster application of research to real-world problems. OA allows the general public to access scholarly work, fostering greater public understanding and engagement with science.

 

3.    Compliance with Funding Requirements

Many funding agencies and institutions require that research funded by them be made openly accessible. Publishing OA helps researchers comply with these mandates and avoid potential conflicts or delays in funding.

 

4.    Ethical Considerations

OA promotes equity by ensuring researchers and readers from low- and middle-income countries access the same information as wealthier institutions. This can help bridge the knowledge gap and foster more inclusive and diverse scientific dialogue. The ethos of OA aligns with the principle that publicly funded research should be a public good, accessible to all without barriers.

 

5.    Control and Flexibility

OA publishing often involves Creative Commons licenses, allowing authors to retain more control over their work than traditional publishing. Authors can specify how others can use their work, enabling broader dissemination and reuse while maintaining attribution. OA works are often deposited in repositories that ensure long-term preservation and accessibility, safeguarding the research against loss or obsolescence.

 

6.    Collaboration and Innovation

Freely accessible research can foster collaboration across disciplines and geographical boundaries, leading to more interdisciplinary and innovative research. OA accelerates the pace of scientific discovery by removing barriers to access, allowing researchers to build on each other's work more rapidly and efficiently.

 

7.    Professional Advancement

Increasingly, institutions and peers recognize the value of OA publications. Publishing OA can enhance a researcher’s visibility and reputation within their field. OA journals often provide detailed metrics on article views, downloads, and citations, which can be useful for career progression, grant applications, and performance reviews.

 

Challenges in OA Publishing

While there are many advantages, it's also essential to consider the potential challenges associated with OA publishing. The cost of APCs can be a barrier for researchers, particularly those who need more institutional support or from low-income regions.  An ongoing debate exists about funding open-access publishing sustainably without compromising quality or access. The rise of predatory journals, which exploit the open-access model without providing rigorous peer review, has raised concerns about the quality and credibility of some open-access publications. It’s crucial to choose reputable OA journals to ensure quality and credibility.

 

OA publishing can offer substantial benefits regarding visibility, impact, and compliance with funding requirements while also aligning with ethical principles of equity and accessibility. Researchers should weigh these advantages against potential challenges and make informed decisions based on their specific circumstances and goals.

 

References

Brainard, J., & Kaiser, J. (2022, August). White House requires immediate public access to all U.S.-funded research papers by 2025: Policy is a blow to journal paywalls, but its impact on publishing is unclear. https://www.science.org/content/article/white-house requires-immediate-public-access-all-u-s--funded-research-papers-2025

Creative Commons (2024), Better sharing, brighter future. https://creativecommons.org/

Dreher, L. (2020). Open-Access-Vorgaben in EU-Projekten, open-access.network. https://doi.org/10.5446/48698

Springer Nature (2024). The fundamentals of open access and open research. https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research

 

Academic Multitasking Amid Competing Responsibilities: Finding Time to Publish

 

By Lilian H. Hill

 

In today's fast-paced academic environment, juggling multiple responsibilities while maintaining a consistent publication record can be an uphill battle. Between teaching, administrative duties, mentorship, and personal commitments, finding time to conduct research and publish can seem nearly impossible. It is easy to feel overwhelmed, as in the popular meme in the image below.

For tenure-track faculty, the pressure to publish is intense. A strong publication record is often essential for securing tenure and promotion. Faculty on the tenure-track must manage a multitude of other duties—teaching, grading, committee work, and the daily challenges of adjusting to a new role—which can easily cause writing responsibilities to be postponed and neglected. The fact that the tenure-track career years coincide with prime child-bearing years for female faculty members compounds the problem (Mason et al., 2013). These days, teaching-track faculty members also report pressure to publish while carrying a higher teaching load.

With strategic planning and effective time management, it is possible to balance these demands successfully. Here are some tips and insights on how to manage academic multitasking and ensure your research efforts do not fall by the wayside.

Examine Tenure Requirements

Understanding what “counts” for tenure and/or promotion will ensure that your efforts are beneficial. Activities, including grants and publications, considered important for tenure are discipline specific. It is important to become informed to structure your time most effectively. It can be discouraging to receive a negative annual or three-year review and learn that you have invested time in tasks that do not further your career.

 

Prioritize Your Tasks

Once you familiarize yourself with what activities are valued, identify your primary academic goals. Determine what is most important to you—publishing papers, securing research funding, or advancing a specific project. Pursue a single research agenda so your efforts will yield positive results.

 

Divide large goals into smaller, manageable tasks. This makes them less intimidating and easier to tackle. Set clear, achievable deadlines for each task. Many people use a whiteboard to keep these priorities visible.

 

Master Time Management

Allocate specific time slots for different activities throughout your day. Dedicate uninterrupted periods to writing and research. Treat these blocks as non-negotiable appointments. Avoid multitasking, where you switch back and forth among different types of tasks. Research on brain development and concentration indicates that dividing attention between multiple tasks reduces productivity, decreases efficiency, and increases the likelihood of making mistakes (Pace, 2017).

 

Aim to write every day, even if only for brief periods of time. Consistent writing helps maintain momentum and keeps you engaged with your work. Keep a notebook with you so you can jot ideas wherever you are.

 

Several strategies are helpful:

·      Learn what time you do your best writing and avoid scheduling other activities.

·      Put appointments for writing and research in your calendar and protect that time.

·      Set designated times to respond to emails and turn off the notifications so that you are not tempted to look at emails as they arrive.

·      Write in places other than your office on campus. In your office, you can be easily interrupted. A reserved library carrell can be a terrific location.

·      If you must be in your office, learn to write with your door closed.

 

Learn to Write in Short Periods of Time

Many academics believe they can only write when they have several hours of dedicated time. However, this kind of time is scarce in the academic environment. With teaching, advising, reporting, and administrative responsibilities, interruptions are pervasive. Once you are engaged in a writing project, it will be on your mind. Learn to use small time periods to further the project. In 15-20 minutes, you can draft research questions, edit prior writing, or further a conceptual framework.

 

Efficient Writing Strategies

Start with a detailed outline of your paper. This provides a roadmap and helps organize your thoughts, ensuring a logical flow. Focus on getting your ideas down on paper without worrying about perfection. You can edit the work later once the initial draft is complete. Anne Lamott (1995) says that every writer writes awful first drafts (well, she uses another word you can imagine). Accomplished writers then revise as many times as needed. Schedule specific times for revising and editing your work. This allows you to polish your writing and improve clarity and coherence.

 

Leverage Technology

Use software like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to manage citations and references efficiently, saving time and reducing errors. Tools like Google Docs, Overleaf, and Zoom facilitate real-time collaboration with co-authors, making it easier to integrate feedback and contributions.

 

Build Support Networks

Work with colleagues to share the load. Collaborating can bring in new perspectives and distribute the workload more evenly. If available, delegate tasks such as data collection or preliminary literature reviews to research assistants. This frees up your time for writing and critical analysis.

 

Integrate Research, Teaching, and Service

Align your research interests with your teaching. Design courses or assignments that complement your research, allowing you to advance your work while fulfilling teaching responsibilities. You can also seek service responsibilities congruent with your research agenda, although this is more difficult. Synergies among the major components of the academic job will increase your knowledge and make you more efficient.

 

Seek Mentorship

Senior colleagues can share a wealth of practical information. Mentors can advise you about journals or publishers in your discipline, strategies for grant procurement, and teaching resources. They can provide valuable insights, feedback, and guidance to help you navigate challenges and improve your work. Remember that mentorship is a relationship, so choose mentors with whom you are compatible. Mentorship is also an exchange, so be mindful of what you can do for the mentor in return.

 

Practice Self-Care

Clearly define the boundaries between your work and personal life. Protect your personal time and ensure you have regular breaks to recharge. Incorporate activities that promote physical and mental well-being into your routine. Regular exercise, mindfulness practices, and hobbies can help manage stress and improve focus.

 

Take Advantage of Coaching

Individuals trained as professional coaches provide a safe space in which to discuss your career and life choices. A coach you employ will not have a vested interest in decisions you make in the same way that a mentor in the same university might have. Coaching can help you determine the path you want to take in your life and career and actions that will make that happen. In choosing a coach, inquire about their training and determine if they are certified. For the most benefit, choose a coach who has experience in the academic setting. For example, Lilian H. Hill retired from a successful academic career and is an Associate Certified Coach with the International Coaching Federation. She offers Coaching for Academics as one of the services of SCOC Consulting.

 

References

Lamott, A. (1995). Bird by bird: Some instructions on writing and life. Anchor Books.

Mason, M. A., Wolfinger, N. H., & Goulden, M. (2013). Do babies matter? Gender and family in the ivory tower. Rutgers University Press.

 Pace, K. L. (2017). The myth of multitasking: Research says it makes us less productive and increases mistakes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/the_myth_of_multitasking_research_says_it_makes_us_less_productive_and_incr

Essential Parts of Journal Articles: Titles, Abstracts, and Keywords

 

By Lilian H. Hill

Writing titles, abstracts, and keywords for academic writing serve as the first point of contact between your work and potential readers. Suppose you neglect or rush the craft of these important tools. In that case, your manuscripts may not raise the interest of journal editors who decide which manuscripts to publish or, once published, be seen by members of your intended audience. It should be obvious that grammatical and typographical errors in the title, abstract, and keywords can detract from their quality and may be perceived as carelessness or a lack of professionalism. Therefore, it is essential to avoid such errors (Tullu, 2019).

 

Authors may focus on writing the body of the manuscript and treat the title, abstract, and keywords as afterthoughts or nonessential. They can be difficult to write but need your full attention because titles, abstracts, and keywords help to summarize content (Tullu, 2019). Journal editors will view these parts to decide if the manuscript fits the journal’s scope before they read the body of the manuscript. Titles, abstracts, and keywords also attract readers' attention and increase discoverability, meaning the degree to which sources can be located in databases, search engines, or other information systems. By carefully crafting these elements, you can effectively communicate the significance of your research and increase its influence within the scholarly community.

 

Titles

An effective title should succinctly convey your paper's main idea or focus. It should give potential readers a sense of what to expect and why they should be interested in reading further. Incorporating relevant keywords into your title can help improve your publication’s visibility in databases and search engines. Consider including terms potential readers might use when searching for literature on your topic.

The editors of Nature Human Behavior counsel that titles should not overstate the significance of research findings and should specify the human sub-population studied so that readers will not erroneously conclude that the results are generalizable to all populations (Writing More Informative, 2023). They state, “In choosing which details to include and which to omit from the title and abstract, it is important not to create a misleading impression about the generalizability or strength of evidence of a study” (para. 1).

 

Many authors include subtitles in their titles. The main part of the title establishes the general area of the work, while a subtitle can provide additional context or clarification to the main title, especially if the main title is broad. Subtitles help readers understand the specific focus or angle of the research. Subtitles serve as valuable tools for authors to optimize the effectiveness of their titles, making them more informative, engaging, and accessible to readers.

 

Titles that are broad or vague may fail to capture readers' attention. Aim for specificity by focusing on a particular aspect or specific angle of your research that makes it unique or noteworthy. Misleading or sensationalistic titles can erode trust and credibility. Likewise, avoid overly long or convoluted titles. Resist the temptation to be cute or funny. Avoid using the words “new,” “innovative,” or “modern” in your title because these terms do not wear well over time. For example, it can be humorous to find a book published in 1968 describing itself as “new” or “modern.”

 

Abstracts

Abstracts summarize your paper, including its purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. They should condense the key points of your paper into a concise and coherent paragraph. The aim is to ensure that each word is meaningful and contributes to the overall succinctness and clarity of the abstract. Academic journals will specify the length of abstracts and the format they expect.

Abstracts include separate sentences or phrases devoted to each aspect of the paper (e.g., background, methods, results, and conclusions). This helps readers quickly locate information. Including details about the research population, sample size, and data analysis methods used is essential (Writing More Informative, 2023).

 

Abstracts should use clear and accessible language and avoid jargon or technical terms unfamiliar to non-specialist readers. Like titles, abstracts should accurately represent the content of your paper. Avoid exaggerating or overselling your findings and be honest about any limitations. Abstracts should be factual and engaging enough to interest readers and encourage them to read the full paper. Abstracts can highlight the significance of research findings but should avoid unsubstantiated claims about the implications of the work (Writing More Informative, 2023).

Keywords

When you submit an article for publication, you will provide keywords, typically between three and five. Keywords help indexers and search engines categorize and locate your article. Keywords also help target your intended audience by identifying the main topics or themes. Including relevant keywords ensures that your article is easily discoverable by researchers interested in your topic. Databases and search engines use keywords to index articles, allowing users to search for specific topics or themes. By choosing appropriate keywords, you increase the chances of your article showing up in relevant search results. This ensures that readers interested in your research area are more likely to find and engage with your work.

 

Putting it Together

Titles, abstracts, and keywords need to be consistent. Using the same keywords in the title and abstract is one way to accomplish this. Once your article is published, this will be important so that people searching for information will not only find your article but also that its content will match their search terms.

 

In summary, keywords, abstracts, and titles play important roles in published articles, helping increase discoverability, summarize content, and attract readers' attention. By carefully selecting and crafting these elements, authors can effectively communicate the significance of their research and increase its impact within the scholarly community.

 

References

Tullu, M. S. (2019). Writing the title and abstract for a research paper: Being concise, precise, and meticulous is the key. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 13(Suppl 1):p S12-S17. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_685_18

Writing more informative titles and abstracts. Nature Human Behavior, 7, 465 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01596-8

 

Preparing a Manuscript for Publication

By Lilian H. Hill

 

When planning to publish articles, there are important steps to follow.

 

1.     Identify Suitable Journals: Look for well-regarded journals in your field and regularly publish articles related to your research topic. Consider the impact factor, indexing, audience reach, and publication frequency. For ideas, you can review articles you have been reading, consult with classmates, and consult your advisor and dissertation committee members.

 

2.     Examine the Submission Guidelines: Each journal has specific guidelines for manuscript submission. Pay close attention to these guidelines regarding formatting, word count, citation style, and submission process. You can read What Journal Editors Wish that Authors Knew for more information.

 

3.     Consider Co-authorship: Collaborating with other researchers can enhance the quality and impact of your work. Consider working with classmates, colleagues, mentors, or experts in your field. Working with others will give you courage and strengthen your work.

 

4.     Craft a Strong Manuscript: Ensure your manuscript is well-written, logically organized, and effectively communicates your ideas. Pay attention to clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Be sure you have cited pertinent sources, and if your ideas differ from the mainstream, you have explained why.

 

5.     Network and Seek Feedback: Attend conferences, workshops, and seminars to network with other researchers in your field. Seek feedback on your work from classmates, colleagues, and mentors to improve its quality before submission.

 

6.     Edit, edit, edit: Journal articles and reviewers are not in the business of being your editor. Ensure your manuscript is free from grammar, spelling, or factual errors. Be sure your citations and references match and the manuscript is clear, readable, and meets the expectations of your intended audience.

 

Submitting the Manuscript

Almost all journals now have online submission portals. The link to the portal is in the authors’ guidelines on the website of your chosen journal.

 

1.     It is important to carefully follow these guidelines regarding (a) identifying authors and their institutional affiliations; (b) formatting a title page, abstract, main manuscript, references, tables and figures, or other illustrations;(c) crafting a brief cover letter; and (d) document format. Most online submission platforms will convert your document into a portable document format (.pdf) that prevents alterations to your manuscript during the review process.

 

2.     Ensure that no personally identifying information is present in the main manuscript. If you cite yourself, you can substitute AUTHOR for your name. Likewise, it is wise to use a pseudonym for your research site. When your manuscript has been accepted for publication, these details will be added back during the copyediting process.

 

3.     Failure to follow the journal’s submission guidelines can result in a rejection decision, regardless of the quality of your ideas, research, and manuscript. This is not personal. Most journals receive many more submissions than they can publish. Part of the editor’s job is to screen all submissions to determine if they meet the guidelines, fit within the journal's scope, and do not exceed length limitations.

 

4.     Once the editors determine that your manuscript is suitable for review, they will select 2-3 members of their editorial board to review it. It can take time for suitable reviewers to be found. Reviewers are usually asked to complete the review in a few weeks, and often, they will delay their work. In other words, it can take several months to receive a decision.

 

5.     Reviewers will recommend a decision of Accept, Conditional Accept, Revise and Resubmit (minor or major revisions), and Reject. Based on the reviewers’ recommendations, the editors will make and communicate the decision to you.

 

6.     While you hope for an Accept decision, receiving a Revise and Resubmit decision is more common. This is good news! It means that the reviewers and editors believe that your manuscript may merit publication after you make recommended revisions.

 

Once You Receive Feedback

1.     Address Peer Reviewer Comments: If your manuscript undergoes peer review, carefully address all comments and suggestions provided by the reviewers. Be open to feedback and revisions to improve the quality of your paper. Manuscripts are often strengthened by feedback.

a.     When you first receive feedback, you may be hesitant to read it. Let it sit for a day or two, but be sure to read it. Experienced authors may still have to gather their courage to read feedback, but once they read it, they take action to improve the manuscript.

b.     Your writing is not you! Once you have written and submitted a manuscript for publication, you may have to separate your ego from your writing.

 

2.     Protect Intellectual Property: Be mindful of intellectual property rights and ensure you have permission to use any copyrighted materials in your manuscript. Properly cite all sources and obtain necessary figures, tables, and other content permissions.

 

3.     Be Persistent: The publishing process can be lengthy and sometimes frustrating, especially if your manuscript faces rejection or requires major revisions. Stay persistent, learn from feedback, and keep refining your work.

 

4.     Celebrate Success: Celebrate each milestone in the publishing process, whether you submit your manuscript, receive positive feedback from reviewers, or see your paper published. Acknowledge your hard work and achievements along the way.

 

Remember that publishing as a senior graduate student is not just about adding lines to your Curriculum Vitae; it's about contributing to the collective knowledge of your field and establishing yourself as a credible researcher.

 

References

Hill, L. H., Rogers-Shaw, C. A., & Carr-Chellman, D. J. (2023). But, is it adult education? Disciplinary boundaries of adult education and higher education. Adult Learning, 34(2), 59–67. https://doi-org.lynx.lib.usm.edu/10.1177/10451595231159430

Rogers-Shaw, C., Hill, L. H., & Carr-Chellman, D. (2022, October 12). Academic journal success and the anonymous peer review process. American Association for Adult and Continuing Education 2022 Conference. Milwaukee, WI. ED: ED632235.